Cyber-bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital harassing - Research Paper Example This is likewise done through instant messages and messages which are sent all through the social circuit. Another type of digital harassing is sexting which is getting mainstream with the expansion being used of mobiles telephones that have imbedded cameras in them. For the most part this is basic with sweethearts sending pictures to their beaus by means of mixed media messages. In any case, what these high school young ladies don't understand is that there are legitimate ramifications to this. After separations these beaus can utilize these photos to extort or humiliate the sender. Digital harassing is a mental upsetting type of social pitilessness among youngsters (Jaishankar 2011). Digital tormenting is expanding at a high rate with the expansion in the utilization of innovation like phones and PCs. The manners by which tormenting can happen are additionally expanding on the grounds that little youngsters who approach innovation develop different approaches to pester other small kids. Long range interpersonal communication destinations additionally give a discussion to these digital domineering jerks as it is a protected medium through which they can undoubtedly carry out the wrongdoing of digital tormenting without the dread of being gotten by the other individual. Notwithstanding this long range interpersonal communication sites can't be considered responsible for any sort of despise discourse that is posted on their sites. Digital tormenting has expanded the quantity of suicides submitted by adolescent young men and young ladies. A portion of these adolescents can't take in the shames and disturbances they are being exposed to and thus fall prey to this demonstration. The notice of digital harassing now realizes a discussion of how unequivocally governments should act against digital tormenting and whether new demonstrations of laws be actualized against it or not as a large portion of the guilty parties included are adolescent. Numerous states in Americ a have just actualized laws against digital tormenting. The province of Missouri had no made against the wrongdoing of digital harassing until the self destruction of a multi year old young lady Megan Meier in 2006. It was then that the state understood that it can't aggrieve the guilty party in light of the fact that digital harassing was not illegal around then. It was after this episode that Missouri lawmaking body and representative passed another law that digital tormenting is unlawful badgering by electronic methods for correspondence. This new law likewise requires the schools and universities to make a composed arrangement to report any such badgering, which incorporates digital tormenting as well as different sorts of lawful offenses also like following, to the nearby police. Presently this wrongdoing is a class A crime. As indicated by this new law the demonstration of digital tormenting stays a class An offense except if 1) perpetrated by an individual twenty-one years ol d or more seasoned against an individual seventeen years old or more youthful; or 2) the individual has recently carried out the wrongdoing of badgering (â€Å"Internet law-Missouri Governor signs digital harassing bill into law†. Web. 2008). After the instance of Megan Meier, Missouri was by all account not the only express that mulled over this and made new laws so as to keep individuals from getting badgering along these lines. Under this law the guilty party is punished on the off chance that the individual in question is discovered irritating or carelessly startling an underage. Digital tormenting is a wrongdoing which is commonly dedicated by youngsters for the most part adolescents, and are submitted against adolescents also. The under eighteen youngsters go under the adolescent classification so are attempted all the more tolerantly then the grown-ups. The laws for adolescent wrongdoers are a lot

Essay about Gentrification Essay Example For Students

Article about Gentrification Essay Improvement Presentation      Beginning during the 1960s, center and high society populaces started moving out of suburbia and go into urban territories. From the outset, this rejuvenation of urban territories was treated as a back to the city development of residents, yet ongoing exploration has demonstrated it to be a considerably more confused marvel (Schwirian 96). This marvel was authored improvement by specialist Ruth Glass in 1964 to portray the private development of white collar class individuals into low-pay regions of London (Zukin 131). All the more explicitly, improvement is the remodel of already poor urban homes, regularly into apartment suites, focused on upper and white collar class experts. Since the 1960s, improvement has showed up in enormous urban communities, for example, Washington D. C., San Francisco, and New York. This pattern among commonly youthful, white, upper-working class working experts again into the city has caused a lot of discussion (Schwirian 96). The contentions for and against improvement will be analyzed in this paper.      Gentrification doesn't follow conventional urban development hypothesis, which predicts ?the decrease of downtown regions as monied classes move to the metropolitan periphery.? The conventional financial model of land says that well off individuals can pick their lodging from the all out city advertise (Schwirian 96). When these individuals choose to live in suburbia, the lower social classes move into the old homes of the high society, basically giving lodging down the financial stepping stool. Improvement is really an inversion of this procedure. For an assortment of reasons, numerous downtown territories are getting increasingly alluring to the well off, and they are choosing their lodging in those zones (Schwirian 96). The issue is that now when the well off assume control over poor homes and remodel them, the poor can't bear the cost of the lodging that the rich have deserted. Numerous analysts have contended whether improvement has really made issues in urban communities. I will investigate the contentions for and against improvement by investigating the subject from the two sides. For what reason is the City So Attractive?      Many specialists have speculated why the well off want to move once more into the city. Schwirian accepts that numerous affluent individuals are attracted to the compositional plan of a portion of these old houses in urban zones (Schwirian 96).      Harvey has faith in various hypotheses, and . .ojects each in turn and help singular family units undermined with ousting. Assets ought to be partitioned between present moment and long haul activities. At last, against improvement backers should build up an extensive way to deal with hindering improvement. ?A blend of migration help, homebuyer programs, moderate lodging advancement, land use arranging, network sorting out, and independent company bolster must happen to address improvement on all fronts? (Alejandrino 47). These are only a few suggestions to help salvage those adversely influenced by improvement. Works Cited: Alejandrino, Simon V. Improvement in San Franciscos Mission District: Indicators and Policy Recommendations. College of California at Berkeley, 2000. Harvey, Todd, and et al. Improvement and West Oakland: Causes, Effects, and Best Practices 1999. 22 Nov. 2003. Schwirian, Kent P. Models of Neighborhood Change. Yearly Review of Sociology 9(1983): 83-102. Tierney, John. The Gentry, Misjudged as Neighbors. New York Times 26 Mar. 2002, sec. B: 1. Zukin, Sharon. Improvement: Culture and Capital in the Urban Core. Yearly Review of Sociology 13(1987): 129-147.

The Lion and the Jewel by Wole Soyinka Essay -- Lion Jewel Soyinka Ess

The Lion and the Jewel by Wole Soyinka The three primary characters in ‘The Lion and the Jewel’ are called Sidi, Lakunle and Baroka the Bale. Each character has various considerations around each other and every view the general public in an alternate manner. This exposition presents and portrays each character and examinations their job in the play. Sidi ==== Sidi is the principal character that the crowd meets. She is a very appealing lady, known as the town ‘belle’. Her appeal impacts her character, by making her very vain. A case of her vanity is the point at which she gets photographs through of her that included in a worldwide magazine, taken by a western man. The photos, too influence Sidi’s view of Baroka, by causing her to accept that she is a superior individual, according to the image size distinction in the magazine. Sidi is intensely affected by convention, which is laid out more than once all through the play. The initial scene shows how Lakunle offers to convey Sidi’s load. Sidi can't, on the grounds that it is generally the lady that conveys the heap and in the event that others saw, at that point Sidi is apprehensive that individuals may begin to disregard or false her. The relationship among Lakunle and Sidi is explained when Sidi requests a Bride Cost. Lakunle is hesitant to give her cash and demands that she take his token of adoration and faithfulness. Due to Sidi’s overwhelming conviction in convention, she needs to decay his offer and request the lady of the hour cash. On the off chance that she acknowledges his offer, at that point her worth and status in the town can conceivably be lessened. Sidi attempts to be very insightful by offering comments that balance another people. Be that as it may, Baroka and Sadiku stunt Sidi into wedding Baroka and turning into his most youthful spouse. Indeed, even Sidi’s... ...n any way (this is valid in Sidi’s case). Baroka is an insightful man and can utilize his words to trick individuals. Much like the railroad track story and Sidi’s case. Baroka utilizes more words/ mental being a tease moves, instead of dynamic moves. In the play Sidi comes to Baroka in light of the news given to her by Sadiku, note that Baroka doesn't genuinely lure her. He can break down Sidi also, her musings and afterward produce a successful luring strategy. These 3 characters all have likenesses and contrasts. When we find out these distinctions, it is simpler to perceive any reason why the characters respond in the way that they do. We can perceive any reason why Lakunle is an outcast, why Sidi doesn't care for one part of Lakunle, and how the Bale at long last allures Sidi. The Lion gets the Jewel and the untouchable is left remaining there looking for other ladies all set for the trap.

Purchasing Literary Analysis Essay

Purchasing Literary Analysis Essay What Literary Analysis Essay Is - and What it Is Not Getting in a position to have the entire book, short story, or play in your headat least in an overall waywhen you get started thinking through ideas are going to be a good support and will actually enable you to compose the paper more quickly in the very long run. The tone of the conclusion ought to be positive and accomplish a sense of completion. A brief story is a work of short, narrative prose that's usually centered around a single event. A seemingly considerable relationship was quickly starting to decline. What Literary Analysis Essay Is - and What it Is Not You will be able to continue to keep your readers' attention more easily in the event you select a topic that relates to everyday experience. In any event, you will need to create ideas to utilize in the papereven with an assigned topic, you will have to develop your own interpretation. The story looks unfeasible, even thoug h it shows how everyone, irrespective of sex, can be impacted by the presented circumstances. It is of the utmost importance to select the topic that will interest you. What Is So Fascinating About Literary Analysis Essay? An analysis paper, for instance, that was based on a bit of poetry might ask that you explore various forms of imagery used in the poem, or even the association between the content and the type of the piece used. Let's look at a good example. Therefore, the analysis will start with the major character, Dr. Meredith Grey. Reading analysis, on the flip side, is the action of reading to extract information. The Good, the Bad and Literary Analysis Essay If you're going to get the goals in the rubric, consider the measure in regard to your very first and last paragraphs. A template is going to be provided. Don't underestimate how valuable it's to know the way your work is going to be judged. For the large part, you will break down the literary work into vari ous components in order to come up with a better mastery of the work completely. The Literary Analysis Essay Trap For some folks, literary analysis is done with regard to an exhaustive review of the language technicalities of a distinct written work. Other questions regarding context can result from the story itself. In fact, the majority of professors understand that their interpretations are debatable and actually adore a very good argument. New Ideas Into Literary Analysis Essay Never Before Revealed Some future readers will opt to believe the story actually happened. In order to best understand the show, it's crucial to be in a position to have a crystal clear comprehension of each major character in the sequence. There's no substitute for an excellent general understanding of your story. To be able to have a crystal clear comprehension of Baldwin's short story, it is essential to examine not just the relationships between characters and the choices created by Sonny, b ut likewise the historical context that builds the background and setting of the account. Literary analysis is a crucial stage in the evolution of students' critical thinking abilities. When you understand how to compose an impressive literary analysis essay, you can express your ideas and make an analysis of any bit of literature which you've read. Teaching literary analysis is frequently a daunting and overwhelming job. Writing an easy analysis is a complicated undertaking. Another way to check at a literary analysis is to look at a bit of literature from your own perspective. Many critics feel they finally have a fantastic plurality of methods and approaches from which to pick. As soon as you have written a suitable thesis statement, you own a direction for your paper and are prepared to start the true analysis. Second, pick the pieces of evidence you are going to be in a position to say the most about. What You Don't Know About Literary Analysis Essay Your literary analysis of a quick story will often be in the type of an essay at which you could possibly be asked to present your opinions of the quick story at the end. An essay does not have any possibility of success in the lack of a carefully formulated thesis. If your essay includes little more than plot summaries, you aren't going to get a fantastic mark. Every great essay ends with an excellent conclusion. Things You Should Know About Literary Analysis Essay Young is also a great write r. Towards the close of the article it will become clear he wants readers to think that it's not a great thing. Even though the book is known as a fictional novel, it reflects a number of the autobiographical motives, indeed. If writing about the very first Hunger Games novel by Suzanne Collins, as an example, you might use the feminist crucial strategy. You are able to read about how to develop into a talented and productive essay writer here. As the book continues to rise in popularity, debates over The Shack will probably become increasingly more frequent. Although it can be correlated, the editor doesn't say that it's, so it's only Carr's observation. Kibin editors are almost always prepared to provide help!

How to Move through the Writing Process - 545 Words

The Personal Writing Assessment The writing process, from the planning process to the production of the final draft, is essential in producing an excellent document. The production variables in writing such as spelling difficulties and poor handwriting can present serious challenges to many students. For this reason, I prefer using a word processor, which assists with spelling and grammar checks. I do not have any particular preference regarding where I do my writing. I consider writing as a continuing tension between the two roles of a writer: the secretary and the author. While the author thinks of the message, organizes ideas, and uses language to communicate those ideas, the secretary is concerned with the mechanical aspects such as punctuations, spelling, and margins. A neat first draft, as well as the subsequent drafts and the final copy, should be double-spaced with one-inch margins throughout the document. I usually have the habit of composing and typing directly then edit ing the document later for spelling and grammatical mistakes. I find the process of writing out a draft and typing it later very cumbersome and time consuming. Composing the work directly is often easier because it combines both the author’s role and the role of the secretary in a single writing undertaking. Several years of learning have made me comprehend aspects of grammar such as spelling and punctuation. I often experience a mild anxiety whenever I set to write. I like to haveShow MoreRelatedThe Stages And Principles Of Writing1483 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal of the process approach is to assist learners following these procedures and build their own writing structure in order to create a piece of work. The teacher’s role is more like a supporter or facilitator: giving students’ time to generate ideas and feedback on the work of what they write in their drafts. Instead of teaching the writing skills, guiding them step by step till the students can learn the whole process. I will explain more about the stages and principles in process writing. 2. TheRead MoreChanging The Etp Approach On Writing : New Charter University1554 Words   |  7 Pages Changing the ETP Approach to Writing New Charter University Abstract How does one go about making change to a large and prestigious English Teaching Program? The person approaching this obstacle will have to have a clear plan in order to move forward. They must have plenty of support to move forward with suggesting changes. 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It is true that disciplining the hand may help you. This has been proven in Ms. Gussow s freehand drawing class. From the Journal of higher education, many lessons can be learned. One lesson being, Ms. Gussow emphasizes the importance of analyzing, assessing and reconstructingRead MoreA Will to Live1162 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"We need to learn how to help ourselves and help the doctor help us.† This quote is from the American Trauma Society’s website where they make sure the physical aspect after a traumatic event is tended to. Unfortunately being a victim of a traumatic event scars the injured party deeper than people sometimes are able to realize. Heather Abbott, a bomb victim from the Boston bombing on April 15th was seriously injured including about 120 others (Baltimore News Journal). The effects from not only theRead MoreAppendix N1203 Words   |  5 Pagesto the topic sentence because they provide examples of past narratives. Finally, the last sentence is the thesis of the essay, which expresses the author’s position on the topic and previews wh at the entire paper is about. You learn more about writing effective introductions later in this course. Supporting Paragraphs Every paragraph after your introduction must be a supporting paragraph. A supporting paragraph supports or proves your thesis. All supporting paragraphs must include a topicRead MoreEnzyme Production By Yeasts Under Osmotic And Sulfite Stress By Blagica Petrovska876 Words   |  4 Pages CARS Move 2 The reference work chosen is the article â€Å"Glycerol production by yeasts under osmotic and sulfite stress† by Blagica Petrovska, Eleonora Winkelhausen, and Slobodanka Kuzmanova. The article discusses a method of glycerol production through osmotolerant yeast in addition to sulfite-steering agents. In this study, we will discuss how the author was able to move into CARS move 2. The CARS system refers to the proper method of writing an introduction, so in this article we shall be examiningRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1040 Words   |  5 Pages (National Career Service) The purpose of a supply chain manager is to make sure that these processes are done and documented correctly in an efficient manner. (Rutgers) An interview with a Distribution Manager at Kelloggs provided some insight on how their company does things. They have everything well organized in a way to streamline production processes and cut down on waste produced. (Jacobs, 2016) Every company wil l do things in their own way that works best for their company and their customersRead MoreThe Process Of Writing : My Personal Writing Process1316 Words   |  6 PagesThose that write always have a writing process whether they know it or not. A writing process can be defined by the way an individual gears up for the project at hand. It can be as simple as finding a favorite chair to write in or the act of planning out the writing beforehand. My own personal writing process varies from task to task with a few constants. I generally start my writing process by first reconciling my project; figuring out the best way to express the needs of the work. I do not writeRead MoreMy School Experience Reading And Writing905 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout my school experience reading and writing was always a struggle for me. I did not like to read because I could not remember anything I read, and I did not like to write because what I wrote was unorganized. Reading also can help improve w riting, but when I was younger, I was stubborn and not aware of that. I had no confidence and thought I was never going to achieve good grades in an English class. So I let my grades slip and with that I decided to not go to college after high school.

The Plague Of The Bubonic Plague - 825 Words

The Plague Discussion Questions The Black Death was an epizootic bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium of rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The bubonic plague overwhelming effects of European history. The Black Death was considered one of the most â€Å"devastating pandemics† in human history. Whom Did the Black Death Affect The Black death affected mostly Europe. â€Å"The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53.† (Paragraph 1) â€Å"By the end, Germany, France, Italy, England, and low countries had felt the plague.† (academic.mu.edu) Throughout Europe, countries were affected by the plague. Superstitions and Its Roles in the Plague Superstition is â€Å"a widely held but unjustified†¦show more content†¦The plague was both, physical and psychological because of the effects from the disease. Symptoms of the Plague â€Å"Bubonic plague is the most common variety of the disease.† It was followed by several symptoms: †¢ Swollen lymph nodes †¢ Muscle aches †¢ Sudden onset of fever and chills St. Sebastian’s Association with the Black Death Saint Sebastian was chosen as the patron saint of the Black Death. He was linked to the Black Death because of his survival. He was â€Å"a protector against the plague.† â€Å"According to historical records, he defended the city of Rome against the plague in 680.† (catholic.org) Black Death vs. AIDS â€Å"A total of 65 million people will have died of AIDS over 15 years.† The Bubonic plague has â€Å"wiped out a third of Europe’s population in six terrible years.† The Black Death occurred over seven hundred years ago when resources were limited. Lamptey states, â€Å"It is a serious comparison.† Both diseases destructed families and caused a prevalent amount of deaths. Survival Most people attempting to avoid the plague used tobacco as a favor. Recommended by doctors, people wore lucky charms which became common. â€Å"The Church had a more basic way of protecting yourself against the plague. It recommended prayer and then more prayer.† (historylearningsite.co.uk) Bird-Like Mask â€Å"Physicians treating the plague dressed in eccentric costumes. Plague doctors wore a mask with a bird-like beak to protect themShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague896 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Death The Bubonic Plague was likely the first semi-global pandemic that rightfully merits the name which means affecting all people. The period of time in which the disease wreaked havoc was also known as the â€Å"Black Death. Alexandere Yersin was a French bacteriologist and discovered the bacteria in Hong Kong This diabolical disease is characterized by both positive and negative outcomes for the few people that managed to survive the plague. The total number of people who died subsequentlyRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1848 Words   |  8 Pages The Bubonic Plague killed over twenty-five million people during the Elizabethan Era (David Perlin, PhD and Ann Cohen). â€Å"The origins of the Black Death can be traced back to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in the 1320’s (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al).† The Bubonic Plague has picked up many nicknames. For example, it has been called â€Å"The Black Death,† and â€Å"one of the four horsemen of the apocalypseâ €  (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al). The Bubonic Plague was very prominent during its time with many people’s lives beingRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe plague was a catastrophic time in history, and happened more than once. It took millions and millions of people’s lives. It destroyed cities and countries, and many people suffered from it. What is the plague? The plague or referred to as the Black Death, according to the CDC (2015), â€Å"is a disease that affects humans and other mammals and caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handlingRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1675 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic Plague Ellery Perez Health Science Technology  Made of a canvas outer garment coated in wax, as well as waxed leather pants, gloves, boots and hat. A dark leather hood and mask with a very grotesque curved beak (Jackie Rosenhek, 2011). A serial killer, Halloween costume perhaps or a cosplay outfit for a horror movie? No, a doctor actually is what this outfit was meant for. Doctors wore this attire in the medieval times in order to protect themselves from the bubonic plague. We ve all heardRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1562 Words   |  7 Pagesquote by Matteo Villani, â€Å"It was a plague that touched people of every condition, age and sex. They began to spit blood and then they died—some immediately, some in two or three days, and some in a longer time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Crash Course World History, Min 6 Sec 43). The plague is known today as: the Bubonic Plague. When the plague eventually found its way into Europe in 1348, an estimated one to two thirds of the whole population was eradicated. But how did th e plague get there in the first place? It mostRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1714 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plague bacteria circulates among different populations of certain rodents without causing an excessive amount of rodent die-off (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control andRead MoreBubonic Plague2091 Words   |  9 Pageshttp://ponderosa-pine.uoregon.edu/students/Janis/menu.html Abstract Bubonic plague has had a major impact on the history of the world. Caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and transmitted by fleas often found on rats, bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. Burrowing rodent populations across the world keep the disease present in the world today. Outbreaks, though often small, still occur in many places. The use of antibiotics and increased scientific knowledgeRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bubonic plague has been said to be a part of history since the biblical eras and has had an undeniable effect on the development of contemporary civilization Gowen, B.S. (1907). The cause of the plague is not known. However, there is religious reference of God punishing sinners causing death and destruction using this deadly disease. Throughout the years, there has been a question to be answered by historians and medical professionals. This question is: if the destructive attributes of t heRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then originally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world today

Dreams Do Come True free essay sample

â€Å"Let the beauty that we love be what we do. † â€Å"Hold fast to dreams. For if dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly. † â€Å"The vision that you glorify in your mind, the ideal that you enthrone in your heart this you will build your life by, and this you will become. † â€Å"Every fool knows you cant touch the stars, but it doesnt stop a wise man from trying. † â€Å"If one is lucky, a solitary fantasy can totally transform one million realities. â€Å"I have heard it said that the first ingredient of success the earliest spark in the dreaming youth is this: Dream a great dream. † â€Å"Nothing splendid has ever been achieved except by those who dared believe that something inside them was superior to circumstance. † â€Å"Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me. † â€Å"There is only one thing that makes a dream impossible to achieve: the fear of failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Dreams Do Come True or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † â€Å"Mind is all that counts. You can be whatever you make up your mind to be. † â€Å"All our dreams can come true; if we have the courage to pursue them. † â€Å"Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new. â€Å"Whatever you can do or dream you can, begin it. Boldness has genius, power, and magic in it. † â€Å"Dont wait until everything is just right. It will never be perfect. There will always be challenges, obstacles and less than perfect conditions. So what. Get started now. With each step you take, you will grow stronger and stronger, more and more skilled, more and more self-confident and more and more successful. † â€Å"Dreams and actions are not so different as usually thought, as all actions of men are founded upon dreams, and their end is a dream too. † â€Å"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage topursue them. †

Dementedness Essay Example

Dementedness Paper The purpose of this assignment is to discourse how a societal worker would measure the mental capacity of a service user who has been diagnosed with dementedness. This essay will discourse the assorted significances of the different types of dementedness and how their mental wellness diagnosing affects an person s ability to do of import determinations in their lives. This essay will discourse how the Person-Centred Dementia Care ( VIPS ) model written by Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) is able to steer the societal worker in using theoretical models and besides by using Law and measuring the specific capacity of a individual diagnosed with dementedness. This assignment will besides discourse how the citizenship, societal and medical theoretical accounts differentiate in their apprehensions and significances of dementedness. When measuring capacity it is of import to separate what type of capacity you are measuring. This could affect measuring determinations based on fiscal issues, lodging stat e of affairs, personal or domestic attention demands, the ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides sing their physical wellness attention demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The societal worker is able to use the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to supply justification and counsel when measuring the service user s mental capacity. The societal worker will implement their professional opinion and answerability every bit good as work in a multidisciplinary mode and liaise with the GP, head-shrinker, brain doctor, community psychiatric nurse or community mental wellness squad. This would enable the societal worker to obtain more grounds and studies in finding the mental capacity of the service user. The societal worker will measure the mental capacity of a service user diagnosed with dementedness through any signifier of appraisal of demand i.e. safeguarding demands, support demands, lodging demands etc. It is besides of import to work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode when working aboard service users. The Alzheimer s society ( 2010 ) found that diagnosable dementedness occurs in 5 % of those aged 65 old ages and over and in approximately a one-fourth of those aged 85 old ages. Of those with dementedness, 50-60 % will hold Alzheimer s disease and a farther 10-15 % a vascular or multi-infarct dementedness. There are many signifiers of dementedness, which include potentially reversible unwellnesss, such as alcohol-related dementedness and those due to structural intracranial lesions. Dementia progresses as a really variable unwellness ; in the early phases patients with dementedness can go on to populate at place with the support of household and friends. As the unwellness progresses, this support needs to be supplemented with targeted aid to turn to facets of day-to-day life such as keeping nutrition, self-care and conformity with medicine. Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) was the first author to utilize the term personhood in relation to people with dementedness. Kitwood ( 1997 ) defined personhood as a standing position that is bestowed upon human existences, by others, in the context of relationship and societal being, it implies acknowledgment, regard and trust ( Kitwood, 1997:16 ) . The person-centred dementedness attention model brings together thoughts and ways of working with the lived experience of people with dementedness that emphasised communicating and relationships. ( Kitwood 1997 cited Brooker 2007:14 ) . The person-centred attention involves four major elements, the first being valuing people with dementedness and those who care for them, advancing their citizenship rights and entitlements irrespective of age or cognitive damage Drake ( 1999:19 ) asserts ; Citizenship is more than consumerism, which is where the look of power is limited to doing picks or showing penchants it is about equality of chance and procedure although the result may be limited by the abilities of any person. There are many ways of understanding dementedness which consist of the medical theoretical account, the societal attack and the citizenship attack to dementia The citizenship attack to dementia is a new attack which concentrates on how people with dementedness can assist society in footings of political, and societal rights, speaking portion in work, leisure, political arguments and spiritual jubilation. This attack is based on reciprocality, which is why this is a new development as cipher was believing about the people diagnosed with dementedness as being able to give every bit good as receive. ..dementia depict a group of symptoms which result from the devastation of encephalon cells. Although dementedness is a physical unwellness, most of the symptoms and jobs caused by the unwellness require psychiatric expertness and attention. ( Brotchie 2003 p. 2 ) Dementia affects people s ability to retrieve things for more than a few seconds, make sense of the universe around them, header with day-to-day life undertakings and show their feelings. Other factors which affect people with dementedness are being able to believe clearly and work out jobs, make programs, unable header with an over-stimulating environment and happen it hard to act in a normal manner. Dementia is one of the chief conditions which are a consequence of mental confusion, memory loss, freak out, rational damage, or similar jobs. ( Mace et al 2006 ) . Brotchie ( 2003 ) found that different people may endure from different symptoms of dementedness, depending on their personality and their unwellness which lead to dementia. Brotchie ( 2003 ) outlines four most common symptoms of dementedness which are memory loss, alterations in personality, trouble in pass oning and loss of practical accomplishments. Memory loss is frequently a mark which occurs earlier and high spots something is non right, nevertheless could be mistaken for forgetfulness brought on my emphasis or feeling low in temper. A individual with dementedness may bit by bit bury where they are and how to acquire place ; hence underscoring there is a cognitive job. Peoples who may hold dementedness show alterations in their personality as people struggle to map with a limited thought capacity and over-react with mundane state of affairss and day-to-day undertakings. Peoples who are know to be unagitated may go aggressive or opprobrious, instead a individual know to be reserved before they became ailment may lose all societal suppressions. Changes in people s behavior are caused by harm to the encephalon and are non something the individual can command or forestall . ( Brotchie 2003 p.3 ) This position of harm to the encephalon as a cause of dementedness is supported by the medical theoretical account. The medical theoretical account dressed ores on encephalon harm and province at that place grounds by its nature of going worse as clip goes on. Jacques A ; Jackson ( 2000 p.4 ) emphasise the sum of ; tibbs 2006 p16 ..damage dementedness does to the lives of sick persons and those around them. It poses an tremendous challenge to wellness and societal services and to the community as a whole. Peoples diagnosed with dementedness may fight in doing themselves understood e.g. burying the name of simple objects or familiar people. They may besides happen it hard to do sense of what is being said to them as a consequence being unable to transport out instructions. Peoples with dementedness may bury things a few proceedingss after they have been told which is done by error and non knowing. Another symptom which may happen with a individual who has dementedness is holding serious jobs with transporting out simple undertakings such as binding a shoe lacing or making up a nothing, other undertakings such as feeding, dressing and rinsing go more hard as the unwellness becomes worse. The bulk signifiers of dementedness are irreversible, there are limited interventions but the most assist a individual can acquire is from their household to program for the best signifier of attention in the hereafter. It is critical for a physician at this phase to be involved in the individuals atten tion and intervention ( Brotchie 2003 ) . Cantley and Bowe ( 2004 ) found that there can be other causes for these symptoms which may non be linked to dementia such as a general medical unwellness, drug toxicity or a life altering event. In the more advanced phases of the illness dependance additions and there is frequently the demand for residential or nursing attention. Issues of capacity and consent are of import at many phases of dementedness and peculiarly affect fiscal issues, ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides determinations over physical health care ( British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) found that the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which followed the Adult with Incapacity Act 2000, means that we are more able to offer protection in jurisprudence to grownups who lack mental capacity, including people diagnosed with dementedness. A major alteration to this jurisprudence emphasised that presumption against deficiency of capacity , which means a individual is now presumed to be capable of doing their ain determinations until proven otherwise. The 2nd component from the person-centred model consists of treating people as persons taking into consideration their alone personality, physical and mental wellness, societal and economic resources and that these will impact their response to neurological damage ( Brooker 2007:12 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) , have argued that this involves the presence or absence of Mental Capacity, which can be determined by two inquiries in order for the service user to hold the capacity to do the determination they should be able to grok and retain the information which is stuff to the determination, particularly as to the effects of doing or non doing the determination in inquiry . It is of import for the societal worker to take this into consideration when measuring a individual capacity and doing a professional judgement. The service user should besides be able to utilize the information and weigh it up as portion of the procedure of geting at a determination ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 200 6:34 ) . The societal worker should take into consideration that an person may retain capacity to do certain determinations such as, the pick of what to eat but, lack the capacity to do serious determinations such as pull offing their fundss i.e. paying measures. Harmonizing to the British medical association ( 2009 ) all grownups are assumed to hold mental capacity unless there is grounds to turn out this is non the instance. There are many factors which can impact a individual s capacity temporarily, such as desiccation, infection, medicine or weariness nevertheless premises about damage can non be based on age entirely or infirmity. It is of import for the assessor to speak with the individual when they are at their best taking in to consideration any physical jobs which could impact their cognitive ability. A broad spectrum of ability is found in people deemed to hold impaired competency, including those populating with dementedness or with learning disablements. It is of import, hence, to see each individual as an person. Disease or other factors can ensue in impermanent, fluctuating or digesting incapacity. British Medical Association ( 2009:34 ) . There are issues which need to be addressed before a individual is assessed to hold capacity or non such as, behavioral or cultural differences which are non indexs of impaired knowledge. On the other manus, determinations which come across as being rash or unconventional are non indictors of impaired knowledge either but can take to the procedure of a formal appraisal. It can go clear by speaking to a individual with dementedness if they have sufficient mental capacity to do peculiar determinations ; nevertheless, if this is non clear a GP or head-shrinker are frequently the best professionals to give a position, particularly if the individual has had old contact with them. It is critical to understand in these fortunes an appraisal can non be rushed and clip should be taken in looking at the individual medical history and the determination for which the individual is being assessed. An persons visual aspect and behavior demands to be taken into history e.g. if they suffer from a temper upset or a mental unwellness. If a individual has suffered from harm to the encephalon, such as a shot, this can do verbal communicating near impossible nevertheless it is non needfully an index of decreased mental capacity. Similarly, long term memory loss is non an index of decreased mental capacity nevertheless being unable to retain information long plenty to d o a determination would annul it. British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . If a individual has to do a serious determination and there is still doubt about their mental capacity it would be advised for a formal appraisal to be completed. If a individual lacks capacity it is normally possible to measure their ability through conversation, but if they refuse assessment, it can non continue unless required by tribunal. If it is clear a individual lacks mental capacity and they have nt given their consent determinations on their behalf are governed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Harmonizing to Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) , the Mental Capacity Act 2005 begins, in Section 1, by underscoring five cardinal rules to be followed whenever working within this model of the Act. These are to work with the individual with dementedness with the premise that they have capacity unless it is proven otherwise, non to handle the individual as unable to do determination unless all the stairss to assist them to make so hold been unsuccessful. The 3rd rule of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 emphasises non to handle a individual as unable to do determinations for themselves merely because the individual may do an unwise determination and a determination made, under this Act, on the behalf of a individual who lacks capacity must be done, or made, their best involvement . The concluding key rule of the Act is: Before the act is done, or the determination is made, see must be had to whether the intent for which it is needed can be as efficaciously achieved in a manner that is less restrictive of the individual s rights and freedom of action Brown A ; Barber ( 2008:5-6 ) . The 3rd component of the person-centred attack is looking at the universe from the position of the individual with dementedness, recognizing that each individual s experience has its ain psychological cogency, that people with dementia act from this position and that empathy with this position has its ain curative potency ( Brooker 2007:63 ) . The assessment procedure will dwell of many countries that should see their environment, such as their place and fundss many persons with early dementedness retain the capacity to finish an digesting power of lawyer which at a ulterior day of the month can be registered ( Brooker 2007:67 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 includes the Lasting Powers of Attorney ( subdivision 9-12 and 22-23 ) . A Lasting Power of Attorney in subdivision 9 ( 1 ) as: a power of lawyer under which the giver ( P ) confers on the done ( or beneficiaries ) authorization to do determinations about all or any of the following- P s personal public assistance or specified affairs refering P s personal public assistance, and P s belongings and personal businesss or specified affairs refering P s belongings and personal businesss, and which includes authorization to do such determinations in fortunes where P no longer has capacity. ( Brown A ; Barber 2008:41 ) . The societal worker will besides measure safety and hazard. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2008:44 ) argue as dementedness progresses the hazard of ego disregard, development and roving may find a individual s ability to populate entirely, while hazards posed to other from driving and abuse of gas contraptions may do great concern still . In this state of affairs the degree of this would be excessively high for that individual to go on to populate within their place environment due to wellness and safety grounds. This may ensue in the usage of the Mental Health Act 1983 for the intent of lasting residential adjustment or 24 hr attention by household members or carers. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Section 2 refers to the diagnostic trial which is narrowed down to the functional trial in order to place the smallest country of decision-making to use for the incapacity trial. Further in the Act, Section 3 provides the trial which should be used to find a individual s mental capacity on a peculiar determination e.g. refusal of medicine. The Section 3 trial is to set up whether a individual is able to understand information relevant to the determination and if they are able to retain to information. The individual is besides tested of their abilities to utilize or burden that information as portion of the procedure of doing the determination or if they can pass on efficaciously sing the determination ( by speaking, utilizing gestural linguistic communication, or any other manner ) Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, anyone involved in the attention or support of a individual could hold a say in the capacity appraisal, which would normally include, household members, wellness and societal attention workers, but most significantly physicians, head-shrinker and psychologists appraisals would be important. Typically the people who are responsible to transport out capacity appraisals are nurse practicians, societal workers, physicians and neuropsychologists ( Halton Council 2008 ) . There five cardinal rules of the mental capacity act 2005 have to be considered if a professional is to make an appraisal with a individual diagnosed with dementedness. It is of import that the societal worker begins with the premise that the individual has capacity. It is besides of import for the societal worker to understand a individual s visual aspect or diagnosing is non a mark of a deficiency of capacity, hence foregrounding the demand to document accurate information for sing that a individual may non hold capacity in relation to a specific determination. The societal worker has to see mental capacity issues throughout the appraisal as they would put on the line and safeguarding issues, observing the particular countries which raise concern. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice provinces: Where appraisals of capacity relate to daily determinations and caring actions, no formal appraisal processs or recorded certification will be required . ( Davies 2008:8 ) The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, gives counsel on when there is a demand for a clearly documented appraisal. This is where a determination which needs to be made has major effects, such as a determination to alter adjustment or a determination to accept or worsen support at place. Another ground for a clearly documented appraisal may be if there is a dispute with the individual, their household or the attention squad, as to the capacity of the person . The individual who may necessitate the appraisal may be capable to dispute hence necessitating an appraisal for capacity or there may be legal effects of happening capacity . ( Davies 2008:9 ) One chief ground for a individual to hold an appraisal for capacity is to cut down the hazard the individual poses to themselves in footings of preventable agony or harm ( Davies 2008 ) . Not all of these fortunes are exact and require professional opinion and on-going supervising. Davies ( 2008 ) explains in some fortunes the ca pacity for an person may be related to a specific determination at a specific point in clip therefore, the demand for an ongoing appraisal for capacity may be required. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) discourse the construct best involvements in respects to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act 2005 states that one important rule is that if a determination is made for or, on the behalf of person else who lacks capacity must be done, or made in that individual s best involvement . This rule applies to anyone who is transporting out the duty for doing the determination such as a household member, paid worker or carer, an lawyer, a court-appointed deputy or wellness professionals. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) assert the demand for people who have the duty for doing other peoples determinations, being familiar with the Act s new demands for the checklist attack. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 new checklist attack is set out to incorporate common factors which should be measured on every juncture a determination is to be made. The Law Commission ( 1995, para 3.28 ) First, a checklist must non unduly burden any decision-maker or promote unneeded intercession ; secondly it must non be applied excessively stiffly and should go forth room for all considerations relevant to the peculiar instance ; thirdly, it should be confined to major points, so that it can accommodate to altering positions and attitudes. A individual who has the duty to do determinations on the behalf of person who lacks capacity should see the undermentioned stairss to guarantee the best involvement of that individual. These stairss are to foremost promote engagement, which is for the individual doing the determination to make their uttermost to promote and back up the individual with dementedness to take portion in doing the determination, secondly place all relevant fortunes, this is to seek include all the things the individual who lacks capacity would normally take into consideration if they were doing the determination themselves. Third, happen out the individual s positions who lacks capacity such as their yesteryear, present wants and feelings, any beliefs and values, and any other factors which the individual would normally see. An of import factor is to avoid favoritism and non do statements about a individual best involvement because of their age, visual aspect or diagnosing. It is necessary to see wheth er the individual might recover capacity, if so can the determination delay until so? Finally, the individual doing the determination should see if the determination concerns vital intervention, and should non do premises about how the individual should or should nt populate ( Falconer 2007 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 besides include confer withing others an a cardinal facet of sing how a individual best involvement could be meet efficaciously. If it is appropriate to make so, discuss with other people for their sentiments about the individuals best involvement, as they may hold information about the individual wants and feelings. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 province the people that should be consulted are: anyone antecedently named by the individual as person to be consulted on either the determination in inquiry or no similar issues, anyone engaged in caring for the individual, near comparative, friends or others who take an involvement in the individual s public assistance, any lawyer, and any deputy appointed by the Court of Protection to do determinations for the individual . ( Brown and Barber 2008:34 ) If the determination is for an of import medical intervention and there is no 1 to confabulate with so an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate ( IMCA ) must be consulted. In safeguarding concerns if a individual is deemed to hold no capacity affecting a specific type of hazard and determinations, and household members are deemed inappropriate, it is indispensable that a IMCA is involved in of import safeguarding probes in supplying best involvement determinations for the person. The Independent Mental Capacity ( IMCA ) Service was a late enterprise to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has been available since October 2007. Section 35 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 highlights the chief intent of IMCA, which is to back up and stand for the individual concerned, to set up their wants and feelings and to supervise that the Acts rules and the checklist are being met. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, high spots that a decision-maker does more than doing a determination on person behalf who lacks capacity, but besides ensures the individuals human rights are met. The Mental Health Act 1983 has a procedure whereby they are able to confine people who are mentally broken which in specific fortunes would be an appropriate response, nevertheless the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have a different attack seeing restraint as deprivation of autonomy . When a individual is said to lack capacity it is hard for them to make up ones mind about being in a peculiar topographic point and is in consequence deprived of their autonomy, and there are several options which could be taken: scale down the degree of limitations to what would be seen as a limitation of motion instead than a want of autonomy arrange an appraisal under the Mental Health Act with a position to utilizing its powers make an application to the Court of Protection to do a personal public assistance determinations follow the new Bournewood process consider short-run or exigency usage of common jurisprudence powers . ( Brown A ; Barber 2008 p.39 ) The Bournewood Judgement involved an NHS trust to take an autistic adult male unable to talk and limited apprehension from a twenty-four hours Centre to an in-patient unit without his consent. In 2004, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the households view that detainment under the Common Law of an incapable patient utilizing the best involvement statement was improper because it was excessively arbitrary ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 2006:43 ) . If people are to be deprived of their autonomy, there must be some lawful justification and some precautions. For patients with mental unwellness, usage of mental wellness statute law should be considered if the patients run into the statutory demands. The Bournwood Judgment marked a important measure forwards in the acknowledgment of the rights of unqualified persons ( British Medical Association 2009:87 ) . It besides enforced to the authorization and rights of older people with impaired capacity. The 4th component of person-centred attention is turn outing a supportive societal environment, recognizing that all human life is grounded in relationships and that people with dementedness need an enriched societal environment which both compensates for their damage and Fosters chances for personal growing ( Brooker 2007:83 ) . This is position of sing the societal environment of a individual with dementedness is supported by the societal theoretical account as it is based upon a individual environment and societal circumstance, sing dementedness as an impairment which consequences in a individual going unable to work as a normal individual. This is a positive mentality on dementedness as it can follow a rehabilitation attack leting opportunity for alteration and doing the experience of dementedness a better one, whereas, on the other manus the medical theoretical account which argues otherwise which is frequently a pessimistic position. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) book expands the constructs of rehabilitation to include teamwork, working with households, prosthetic devices, taking causes of extra disablement, larning motive and concentrating on what the chief job is which needs to be addressed. Whilst working with older people societal workers must retrieve to work in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode at all phases, such as, an appraisal, planning and intercession. The person-centred model enables a societal worker who works aboard people diagnosed with dementedness to understand at that place medical conditions and to supply a bundle of attention at a deeper degree and to supply them with many chances in taking a valued and carry throughing life. These criterions are underpinned by values and moralss that must back up the development and bringing of pattern. These include a societal worker showing regard for an single, keeping trust and keeping confidentiality. Other values consist of apprehension and doing usage of schemes to dispute favoritism, disadvantage and other signifiers of inequality and unfairness ( Crawford A ; Walker 2009 ) . Butler A ; Lewis ( 1973 p.30 ) argue: Ageism can be seen as a procedure of systematic stereotyping of and favoritism against people because they are old, merely as racism and sexism accomplish this for skin coloring material and gender . Crawford A ; Walker ( 2009 ) argue that working with in older people may include people who are vulnerable, who may be oppressed and disadvantaged nevertheless, each individual is single and have their procedure of acquiring older ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2009:34 ) therefore it is of import to handle each individual separately. Whilst working with older people it is indispensable to see a whole scope of issues such as showing consciousness of the legal, policy, and political context of the work being completed, combined with an in-depth apprehension of the experiences of that older individual in their specific state of affairs. The societal worker must be attentive to potentially opprobrious state of affairss, whilst at the same clip working in a multidisciplinary mode with other relevant professionals and administrations. Social workers must work towards developing a holistic attack to help their pattern in working with older people as it allows them to take into history the indivi duals state of affairs in society and the values and moralss of societal work. Overall the chief rule to measure a individual diagnosed with dementedness is to retrieve to presume the individual has capacity if proved otherwise. Once an appraisal is completed and the appropriate professionals are consulted and it is deemed that the individual is deemed to miss capacity so it is critical to work towards the individual best involvement guaranting them of their human rights. This is done by utilizing the checklist attack guaranting all the factors are covered before a determination is made. The individual who has the duty for make the determination on person behalf could be a professional, household relation, Power of Attorney or an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate. All these issues must be considered whilst working with person who lacks capacity. It is important when measuring and finding a individual s mental capacity to take into consideration all facets of the individual s life, wellness and of import determinations that require to be made. It is besides i ndispensable that the societal worker has to take into consideration that a mental capacity is based on a specific facet of a individuals capacity for illustration managing fundss, lodging etc. Word Count: 4,740

Science and the Scientist essays

Science and the Scientist essays In my opinion, Science is one of the most central themes in our lives, and probably one of the most overlooked. All through school I remember hearing How am I going to use this?. To that I say what you dont know can kill you. There is more to science than what meets the eye. Such as corruption and questions in the ethics of science. Science is a much vaster area than what most people think. My view of science is that it has a good and bad side. It has applications that can save lives and create a greater good for mankind, but in the wrong hands it can either go to waste or cause destruction and misery. I believe that science is all around us. Although I do not know an actual working scientist, I can see how it affects our everyday lives. The technology around is all due to science. Without Science I would not even be able to type this paper. Most people make the common misconception that science is only about plants and nature, at least it seems this way from my experience. Little do people realize that this is only a small portion in the world of science. Anything and everything around us having to do with technology involves a great deal of science. It has also helped to save the lives of millions. Vaccines and medicines can all be attributed to science. Science has cured countless diseases and is in the process of curing countless more. Science is not all good though. As with anything that can bring about massive global change, there is a great deal of beaucracy involved. Often the good that can come out of such development is caught up in the question of how can we make this profitable? In the Cantors Dilemma they are at least still trying to find a cure. I myself often wonder if they havent just simply given up on curing some diseases because as Chris Rock says, Theres no money in the cure. Although this sounds rather morbid one cant help...

Strategic Resort Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Resort Management - Essay Example Lastly, the paper would also build a case for different actions that could be used to counteract the perceived threats and try to look for options which would help in meeting the anticipated opportunities. Tourism industry, with special regards to resorts, is considered an important sector in the UK economy. Back in the year 1999, an astounding 22 1/2 million visitors came to visit UK (Torkildsen, 2005). The expenditure on the tourism industry in 1999 was estimated close to sixty one billion pounds (Torkildsen, 2005) and the total employees catering to the tourism industry were estimated to be close to 1.8 million people. The tourism industry is widely fragmented and according to the government estimates, there are over 125,000 businesses related to the UK tourism, out of which only 20% have an earning of over 250,000 pounds per annum. (Aramberri & Butler, 2005) Tourism industry is the world's largest industry and hence it is vital for the world economy. It directly or indirectly generates 11% GDP and provides jobs to over 200 million employees across the globe (Holloway & Taylor, 2006). The employment opportunities in the UK alone, with special regards to bars, pubs, restraints, cafes, night clubs, travel agencies, tour operators and tourist accommodations are immense but the problem lies in terms of competition. (DCMS, 2000) Of the total number of tourism related business in the UK, 80% do not earn beyond 250,000 pounds per annum and hence the employment opportunities through these organizations have limited growth potentials (Aramberri & Butler, 2005). The above mentioned sectors are directly or indirectly dependent on the tourism industry and when we take the example of a resort, which in itself is a self sufficient tourist hub, we forget to underline the problems of a mismanaged work force. If one of these sectors suffers a loss, the other sectors would automatically be affected and vice versa. Besides providing various employment opportunities and generating an annual income for the growth of a nation, the tourism industry with special regards to resorts in UK, gives an ample scope to numerous educational institutions (ONS, 2000). Various new courses and subjects pertaining to tourism benefit through this expanding trade. (EuroStat, 1998) The Necessary Threats To Counteract And The Opportunities To Capitalize On The UK tourism industry is a boon of sorts and is stated to provide ample work opportunities to millions of its citizens. As far as opportunities are concerned, there is no bigger opportunity than providing employment to all. The need for money is the single most driving factor which propels the citizens of a nation to work towards achieving their goals in a systematic manner. Resorts in UK provide employment opportunities to hundreds of thousands of individuals and this in turn increases the overall employee satisfaction scores. (Mort, 2006) If the tourism industry is to capitalize on its recourses, it needs to justify its act in terms of providing ample opportunities to those who deserve the most. Likewise, the growth of a resort with regards to the influx of tourists is directly proportional to the growth of those sectors which support the basic functionalities of a resort (Karl W. W'ber, European Cities Tourism (Organization), 2002). Meat shops, cafes,

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What is the proper role for public schools in the promotion of democracy - Essay Example Apart from this, there are characteristics of a democratic society which public schools have to assist the public in developing and maintaining. Such are the ability to accommodate and resolve disagreements, accommodation of people with different beliefs and views, and respect for others with differing opinions. Because of these characteristics, a society only maintains such a state if the citizens are able to deal with disagreements and resolve them, respect people with differing views and understand a society composed of different people, with different perceptions about various things in life. Education promotes all these characteristics through provision of knowledge and wisdom: To deal with the disagreements and resolve the; to understand how to treat people with different beliefs and views; to understand the consequences of empathy and flexibility in dealing with other perspectives, and to respect for others with differing positions. The proper role of public schools is through provision of knowledge and wisdom. With these two, the individuals will be able to understand the meaning of civil rights and liberties in the society. The civil rights and liberties define a democratic society. Democracy: From our group discussion, there are common characteristics to what members thought about democracy; freedom, equality, and protection of people’s rights. Democracy is a state in a society where everyone has a right to his or her social and political views, has equal rights to the management of the society. It is a state, in which everyone can present a voice, and everyone is allowed to participate in political, social and economic activities of the society (Discussion Group Dialogue). All the group members agreed that the primary good of public education is public. The reasons given for this argument is that public education provides an equal opportunity for everyone

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay Example for Free

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay Patents are contracts between the society and the inventor to encourage development in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his rights and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. Once a patent is given by the patent office, the inventor has to work the invention by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a license. The patent office does not look at the potential commercial value of the invention whilst giving the patent. The invention should have a specific use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, there are several instances in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others interested to do so. This is a very serious situation, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it can benefit society. Some patentees may not work their invention due to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully hide or suppress technology from the public. One of the first such cases was the Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. case of 1908. In this case, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had not made his invention available to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people felt bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was not fulfilled. No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compulsory licenses were existent at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was unreasonable. They in fact tried to draw a line between ‘reasonable nonuse policy’ (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and ‘unreasonable nonuse policy’ (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention. Many breakthrough technologies exist which are being currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in road accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toothpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the anticompetitive intentions of their owners. Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be filed, which could give them earning in millions. An instance of this is a case between Minolta and Honeywell’s, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same. In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be used as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practices are strictly considered unlawful under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to monopolize, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act. Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be misused. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is limited and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)], the US permitted foreign nations to sue under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act. The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses for certain broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the company refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust violations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had destroyed businesses. The Company said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to another nation. However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also claim under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation [107 FRD 642, 1985], Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosing information needed to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit disclosure. However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to provide information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Company’s patent [1970; RPC, 580], the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U. S. 51 (1992)] provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime. Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodak’s products. In this case, a distinction is being made between ‘attempting monopolization’ and ‘attaining monopolizing by exploiting’. The court had to study the market situation to determine if the company was trying to control prices or destroy competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment. The court had said that both patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had gathered enough proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companies Nowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing their licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spinal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder. The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of healthy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn between these two conflicting legal regimes. In the case Illinois Tools Works V. Independent Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a market power over a patented product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had prohibited the customers from using non-patented ink. The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the impression that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would carry the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The primary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks. The court gave its decision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a drug. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original company’s patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period. Federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and was executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully suppresses the invetion from the public. A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case:- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. †¢ The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. †¢ The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. †¢ Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a sanction (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public); in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices. The concept of compulsory licenses developed following the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Merck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged in several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per year). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations. Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to supply the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that parallel imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders. Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). Some people feel that the patent system can create an obstruction in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.

Race and Destiny Essay -- Comparative, Hansberry, Ellison

Race and Destiny In this paper, I will present the two stories then I’ll show how they compare and contrast. The first one is the drama by Hansberry and the second is the text of Ellison. Since its first paragraphs, the â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† focuses on a fundamental issue – poverty and how it’s related to race. Hansberry is drawing the portrait of a stereotypical situation, in the mid-20th century, when racial discrimination was linked to lack of money and vice versa. The plays spins around a check of $10000 from the insurance company, granted for the death of Mama’s husband. The story goes with discussing the investment choices about that sum of money. The main male character, Walter Younger, Mama’s son, is presented as man who is eager to get rich fast, over-appreciates money, and has little ethical bias. The phrase â€Å"Check coming today?† (p.1294) written in the beginning of the act one, scene one, shows Walter’s impatience and the idea that he places a greater value on material stuff, rather than interpersonal relations. Living in the Chicago Southside, Walter’s family faces some harsh living conditions. Even as much as fifty cents becomes a luxury option for the couple. This is depicted when Travis, Walter’s son, says â€Å"This is the morning we supposed to bring the fifty cents to school†, while Ruth, Walter’s wife and Travis’ mother, responds abruptly with â€Å"Well, I ain’t got no fifty cents this morning† (p.1295). In this excerpt, the author is emphasizing on two details about the Youngers: first, the value of frugality and the situation that even little money cannot be spent for wants, such as education; second, the family’s financial condition is highly unstable, because Hansberry accents that in a certain morning the famil... ... I wanted to leave but I wanted also to speak and I was afraid they’d snatch me down(P. 306 ). He noticed something wrong when he gave a speech in front of the white people. I spoke automatically and with such favor that I did not realize that the men were still talking and laughing until my dry mouth, filling up with blood from the cut, almost strangled me(P. 305 ). Conversely, when he was given a prize from a white man, he forgot what he realized something wrong. I was so moved that I could hardly express my thanks. A rope of bloody saliva forming a shape like an undiscovered continent drooled upon the leather and I wiped it quickly away (P. 306). While Walter Younger tried to fight his destiny and was striving to get rich and be â€Å"his own boss†, Ellison’s protagonist adopted the society well and was satisfied of his situation without noticing any injustice.

Investigating the effect of different liquid densities on the time taken to release 25 ml of alcohols Essay

* Research question: * Does the change in liquid densities at the same temperature affect the time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a 50 ml burette? * Variables: * Independent variable: The liquid density / g ml-1. * Dependent variable: The time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a burette / s. * Controlled variables: * The volume of alcohol in a burette / ml. * The temperature of the alcohols / oC. * The absence of unnecessary substances or ions. * The same burette for the entire experiment. * Prediction: * The time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a 50 ml burette is, stated by F. Weinberg (1984) [1], dependent on flow velocity and in particular are very sensitive to small changes in the density difference between the two liquids. * My prediction is, the higher the liquid density is, the more time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette. The time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol increases in order: Methanol, Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol and Octan-1-ol. * Method: * Apparatus: * 50 ml burette (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.500 ml). * Retort stand. * 125 ml ethanol C2H5OH 95.0%. * 125 ml methanol CH3OH 99.5%. * 125 ml propan-1-ol CH3(CH2)2OH 98%. * 125 ml butan-1-ol CH3(CH2)3OH 99%. * 125 ml octan-1-ol CH3(CH2)7OH 94%. * Thermometer (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0500 oC). * 5 x funnels. * 50 ml conical flask. * Casio stop watch (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 seconds). * Distilled water. * Risk assessment: * The procedure uses poisonous alcohols. Notably, suggested by Department of Chemistry – Imperial College London (2006) [2], less than 2 teaspoons (2 ml) of methanol can cause blindness, and 2 table spoons (30 ml) can cause death. This toxicity is mainly due to it being converted in the body to formic acid and formaldehyde, which first attack the cells in the retina, then the other vital organs. Plus, propan-1-ol is used as a common solvent and cleaning agent in chemistry laboratories. Also, because it evaporates rapidly, IPA is widely used in astringents to cool the skin and constrict surface blood vessels. * Goggles and lab coat are therefore needed to be worn throughout the experiment. * Procedures: 1. Close the tap and run some distilled water into the top of the burette, then swish the burette up and down to let the water clean all the inside of the burette. Open the tap, let the water drain out. 2. Attach the burette to the retort stand and take care that the burette is upright and stable. 3. Close the tap and use the funnel to put 25 ml of ethanol into the burette. 4. Remove the funnel, make sure that there is no air bubble inside the burette. Measure the temperature of ethanol by the thermometer. 5. Put the conical flask under the burette, adjust the height of the burette so that the tip of the burette is just above the lip of the conical flask. 6. Open the tap and immediately start the stop watch. 7. Stop the watch when 25 ml of ethanol is fully released from the burette. 8. Continue to open the tap and collect the remained ethanol in the burette. 9. Repeat step 1 to 8 four more times. 10. Then change ethanol with methanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol. Experiment step 1 – 9 with each alcohol. * Range and repetitions of experiment: * There are 5 different ranges (The lowest value: 0.789 g ml-1 & the highest value: 0.826 g ml-1, Please refer to Data Collection and Processing -> Processed data). * The initial procedure is repeated 5 times and thus 25 results are recorded. * Control of variables: * The volume of each alcohol sample remains constant for every test at 25 ml. Different volumes of the alcohol sample may cause inaccuracies in terms of measuring the time taken to release. For instance, larger volume of the same alcohol sample certainly takes longer time to be released. * The temperature of each alcohol sample need to remain constant for every test at 20 oC (293 K). The analysis, written by Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December) [3], of the high-temperature spreading kinetics for liquids affecting density shows that they can be modified with a constant shift factor. Therefore, higher temperature of the same alcohol sample may reduce the time taken for the alcohol to be released. * The burettes and funnels are rinsed carefully with distilled water prior to the experiment to ensure that inside the burettes do not contain any unnecessary substances/ions. If present, they may react with the alcohols to form products which have different liquid density, as opposed to original liquid densities of the alcohols at 20 oC (293 K). * The same burette is used for every measurement. This is because burettes from the same manufacturer cannot be guaranteed to have the same radius of the tips (possessing relatively small values). The use of different burettes can result differences in the time taken for the alcohol to be released. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING * Raw data table: Alcohols Dependent & independent variables Ethanol Methanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Octan-1-ol Liquid density / g ml-1 at 20 oC (293 K) [4] 0.789 0.791 0.804 0.810 0.826 1st repetition: Time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 39.0 43.0 67.0 82.0 112 2nd repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 41.0 44.0 69.0 81.0 115 3rd repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 38.0 46.0 70.0 83.0 111 4th repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 39.0 42.0 71.0 80.0 114 5th repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 40.0 45.0 70.0 79.0 110. Table 2.1 shows the collected raw data table. * Processed data: * Calculating the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette: * Mean time taken / s = (1st + 2nd + 3rd + 4th + 5th trial data) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5. Alcohols Dependent & independent variables Ethanol Methanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Octan-1-ol Liquid density / g ml-1 at 20 oC (293K). 0.789 0.791 0.804 0.810 0.826 The mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 seconds 39.4 44.0 69.4 81.0 112 Table 2.2 shows the processed mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette. * Presentation of processed data: Graph 2.1 shows the relationship between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of each alcohol from a burette. * Treatment of uncertainties: * I try to read off carefully volume of the burette from the bottom of the meniscus with my eye level at the meniscus in order to make sure that the volume of each alcohol sample used is only 25 ml. CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION * Graph analysis: * According to the presented graph of the mean time taken to release 25 ml of different alcohols, there is a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette as a very good line of best fit can be observed. (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing -> Presentation of processed data -> Image 2.1). * Conclusion: * The results demonstrate that, the higher the liquid density is, the longer time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette. * The conclusion totally agrees with my hypothesis. * Evaluation of procedures: * Strengths: * Safety in the laboratory is highly maintained (by wearing goggles, lab coat and being careful with glass apparatus to avoid any poisonous alcohols that may splash). * Standard ranges and repetitions are met, a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette is observed. * Quantitative investigation, with repeats strongly supporting each other, successfully proves that the expectations based on scientific knowledge are totally correct. * Weaknesses: * Several inevitable uncertainties occur throughout the whole experiment which may account for inaccuracies in the collected data. * The concentrations of the alcohols vary from 94.0 % to 99.5 %. The differences in concentration of each alcohol affect the reliability of the data, since 25 ml of pure alcohols (or 5 alcohols with the same concentration) may take different time to be released from the burette. * Although there is a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette, the independent variables (liquid density) do not increase constantly due to the limited number of available alcohols (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing -> Presentation of processed data -> Image 2.1). * The entire procedures, although are simple, take a long time to finish because of the 50 ml burette need to take at least 3 times to add 5 alcohol samples (5 repetitions for each alcohol), 25 ml each. Overall there are 15 times to add 25 alcohol samples since I decide to investigate 5 different alcohols. The more time I need to add more alcohols into the burette, the more likely inaccuracies to occur. * Improving the investigation: * The procedures can be partially replaced by computer data logging suggested by Laurence Rogers (1995) [5] to prevent uncertainties from human errors when stopping the watch. The experiment can be programmed to collect the data (Time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette) automatically. * More alcohols with liquid densities within the ranges (The lowest value: 0.789 g ml-1 & the highest value: 0.826 g ml-1) can be tested to fill the 2 gaps between methanol and propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol in the presented graph. For instance, penta-1-ol has the liquid density of 0.815 g ml-1 at 20 oC (293 K) [6]. * Pure alcohols should be bought in the same concentration to ensure the reliability of the collected data. Otherwise, diluting the alcohols to the same concentration can be less expensive, yet time consuming. * A larger burette, for instance, with measuring volume of 75 ml (only 2 times to add 5 alcohol samples, 25 ml each) will reduce the times need to pour more alcohols into the burette to 10. Not only this change in equipment may save time of experimenting, but also minimise the uncertainties. Bibliography [1] Weinberg, F. (1984, December). Fluid flow from a low to a higher density liquid. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 15(4), 681. Abstract retrieved March 8, 2009, from Springer Link. Web site: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n84726w432072592/ [2] Department of Chemistry. (2006, August 25). Biological effects of Methanol and Larger Alcohols. In Ethanol. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Imperial College London. Web site: http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/environmental/html/ethanol_text.htm [3] Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December). Predicting the spreading kinetics of high-temperature liquids on solid surfaces (Vol. 12). Alcoa Technical Center. Retrieved March 8, 2009. doi:10.1557/JMR.1998.0478 [4] Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Radix Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site: http://www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx [5] Rogers, L. (1995, May). Sensors and The Data-Logger. In Hardware and software. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from School of Education, University of Leicester Web site: http://www.le.ac.uk/se/lto/logging/test1.html [6] Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Radix Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site: http://www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx